(A) Choose right option and write the sentence.
(1) On 19th July 1969 ………. major banks in India were nationalised.
(a) 12
(b) 14
(c) 16
(d) 18
(2) …………… declared a 20 point programme.
(a) Pandit Nehru
(b) Lal BahadurShastri
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) P. V. Narsimha Rao
(B) Identify the wrong pair.
(1) Kawasji Dawar – Iron and Steel factory
(2) Dr Datta Samant – Leadership of mill workers
(3) N. M. Lokhande – Holiday for mill workers
(4) Narayan Survey – Depiction of lives of workers through poems
Ans. Wrong Pair : Kawasji Dawar – Iron and Steel Factory.
(A) Complete the following chart.
Ans.
(B) Explain the concepts.
(1) Mixed Economy
Ans. (1) India after independence, adopted the mixed economy model for economic development under the leadership of Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. (2) It is a golden mean between capitalist economy and the socialist economy. There is co-existence of public sector and private sector, besides the joint sector. (3) The industries such as defence equipment factories are in public sector, under the control and management of the government. (4) Industries such as consumer goods industries are the private sector and owned by private industrialists. Joint sector is operated by the private industrialists and the government jointly.
(2) 20-point Programme
Ans. On July 1, 1975, Indira Gandhi announced a 20-point program aiming for quick national development as follows:
(1) Ceiling on urban and agricultural land, equitable distribution of wealth minimum wages for workers and increase in water conservation schemes. (2) Workers participation in management, national training programme and freeing of bonded labour. (3) Prevention of tax evasion, smuggling and other economic crimes. (4) Regulation of prices of essential commodities and improvement in the Public Distribution System (PDS). (5) Improvement in textile industry, encouragement to handloom industry, waiving of loans to weaker sections, (affordable) housing, development of communication facility, making available educational equipment to the schools.
(A) Give reasons.
(1) Independent India opted for mixed economy.
Ans. (1) Good aspects (advantages) of Capitalist and Socialist systems can be adopted by having mixed economy. (2) Economic development was priority before India after independence. (3) Economic development requires development of basic and heavy industries which require huge capital investment and the returns take much longer time. (4) Not many industrialists were keen to invest in these industries and it was left to the government to take the initiative. Therefore, India opted for the mixed economy.
(2) Banks were nationalised in 1969.
Ans. (1) The profit of banks would come into government treasury, once they were nationalised. It was essential to cover the deficits if they occurred while implementing different schemes. (2) Moreover, India wanted to develop small-scale and pharmaceutical industries which required funds. (3) Lal Bahadur Shastri undertook the experiment of the Green Revolution in order to overcome food shortages and drought. (4) The ‘Congress Forum for Socialist Action’, a group within the Congress Party demanded nationalisation of banks, which was supported by the Communist Party. Therefore, fourteen commercial banks were nationalised in 1969.
(3) Mill workers went on strike.
Ans. (1) In 1980s, unrest was increasing among the textile mill workers as the workers in the other industries were paid higher wages, getting better facilities and more bonus. (2) Textile mill workers were expecting 20% bonus in the Diwali of 1981 but the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh agreed to 8% to 17% bonus without taking the workers into confidence. (3) This caused unrest among the workers. (4) Dr. Datta Samant was approached to take leadership of textile mill workers in 65 mills. He agreed to lead the strike. As a result, the textile mills went on strike on 18th January, 1982.
(B) Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words.
(1) Which programmes were started in the 8th five-year plan?
Ans. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992 to 1997) the following programmes were started :
(1) Pradhanmatri Rozgar Yojana.
(2) Mahila Samruddhi Yojana
(3) Rashtriya Samajik, Arthik Sahayya Yojana
(4) Midday Meal Scheme
(5) Indira Mahila Vikas Yojana
(6) Ganga Kalyan Yojana
(2) Which projects were started in the 2nd five-year plan ?
Ans. The Second Five-Year Plan (1956 to 1961) gave priority to industrialisation.
(1) Iron and steel plants (in the public sector) were established at Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela. (2) Chemical fertilizers plant was set up at Sindri. (3) Railway engine factory at Chittaranjan and railway bogies at Perambur were established. (4) Ship building factory was started at Vishakhapatnam. (5) Heavy and basic industries were set up in the public sector. (6) Huge multi-purpose projects like Bhakra-Nangal Dam and Damodar Valley were built to generate electricity and to provide irrigation facility to agriculture.