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1. Choose the right option and rewrite the sentence.
(1) The country that has a free international border with India –
(a) Pakistan
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Nepal
(d) Myanmar
(2) The countries that have tensed relations with India –
(a) Pakistan and China.
(b) Nepal and Bhutan
(c) Myanmar and Maldives
(d) Afghanistan and America.
(3) Factors that have an influence on the relations between India and Pakistan –
(a) Difference in the world view of both the countries.
(b) Kashmir issue
(c) Nuclear Rivalry
(d) All of the above
2. Explain with reasons whether the following statements are true or false.
(1) India has an important position among the South Asian countries.
Ans. The above statement is True.
Reasons : (1) India’s position in Asia is geographically and politically very important. (2) India is geographically the largest country in South Asia. (3) India has established relations with its neighbours on the basis of values like equality and mutual respect. (4) India is economically and most technically developed (advanced) country in South Asia. (5) Thus, it is natural that India has a great influence among the South Asian countries.
(2) Sino-Indian relations are friendly.
Ans. The above statement is False.
Reasons : (1) There is disagreement about Sino-lndia borders. (2) There is disagreement on the issues of Tibet. Thus, this issue has been responsible for the conflict between the two. (3) China had invaded India in 1962. (4) The growing friendship between China and Pakistan is a threat to the security of India. (5) India has made many attempts to improve relations but has not met with much success.
(3) India sent a peacekeeping force to help the Sri Lankan government.
Ans. The above statement is True.
Reasons : (1) There was political instability in Sri Lanka after 1985. (2) The differences between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil population resulted in political instability in Sri Lanka. (3) India wanted a peaceful resolution of the differences between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. (4) So, in order to help the Sri Lankan government, India had sent a peacekeeping force.
3. Complete the following chart.
Ans.
4. Write short notes :
(1) Shimla Agreement
Ans. (1) Even though the 1971 war was about the creation of Bangladesh, it had the dimension of the Kashmir problem in it. (2) After the defeat of Pakistan in Indo-Pak war of 1971, Shimla Agreement was signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1972. (3) It was agreed that the outstanding issues between India and Pakistan should be resolved bilaterally. (4) It provided a new format to the interaction between India and Pakistan.
(2) Indo-Nepalese friendship treaty
Ans. (1) Nepal is a landlocked country and is provided access to the outside world by a free international border with India. (2) The foundation of friendship between India and Nepal was laid by the Indo-Nepalese Friendship Treaty in 1950. (3) According to this treaty, Nepalese citizens can not only enter India, but they are also permitted to take up government jobs and carry on trade in India.
(3) Machmahon Line
Ans. (1) The border dispute between India and China is related to the MacMahon line. (2) China claims that the area south of Aksai Chin and MacMahon Line (Arunachal Pradesh) is Chinese Territory. (3) China is not willing to accept MacMahon Line as international border between India and China. (4) India made several efforts to sort out this dispute by means of dialogue. (5) Thus, this has given rise to a border dispute which led to the Chinese invasion of India in 1962.
(4) Indo-Afghanistan Relations
Ans. (1) There is a lot of political instability in Afghanistan. (2) With the return of normalcy in Afghanistan, India has extended help to bring peace, security and stability, curb violence and establish a democratic government. (3) India is helping Afghanistan in reestablishing communication facilities, build roads, schools, health facilities and irrigation projects. (4) India is also extending cooperation in the field of science and technology.
5. Answer the following questions in brief.
(1) Explain the background of cooperative relations between India and America.
Ans. (1) America has been India’s most important trading partner. After the end of the cold war, military relations between both the countries increased considerably. (2) India adopted free market economy in 1991 which further strengthened trade relations. (3) There was tension in relations between two countries because India conducted nuclear tests in 1998. However, India managed to convince America that it will use nuclear weapons responsibly. (4) Indo-American relationship was totally transformed and led to increasing cooperation between India and America. The Civil Nuclear Agreement signed in 2005 and approved by the US Congress in 2008 was a landmark event in Indo-American relations.
(2) Give some information about the efforts taken by India for the establishment of democracy in neighbouring countries with examples.
Ans. (1) India had helped in the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. (2) The former East Pakistan had linguistic differences and political conflict with West Pakistan. (3) India actively supported the movement which tried to free Bangladesh. Bangladesh willingly accepted democracy under the guidance of India. (4) India has helped Nepal and Afghanistan in establishing democracy, peace, security and stability.
(3) What is the role of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ?
Ans. (1) The purpose (objective) behind establishing the SAARC was to encourage economic cooperation between South Asian nations and thereby achieve the development of the South Asian region. (2) The organisation of SAARC is a platform to make it easy for South Asian countries to trade with each other. (3) At present (2017), the number of member-states of the SAARC is eight. They are : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan. (4) SAARC is a platform for South Asian countries to come together and discuss common questions and interests. (5) Some common interests of South Asian countries are alleviation of poverty, development of agriculture and technological revolution.
6. Give your own opinion about :
(1) What remedies would you suggest in order to reduce the tensions in the relations between India and Pakistan ?
Ans. (1) Trust deficit is the most important reason for the tension between India and Pakistan. The bridges of trust can be developed between the people of two countries by increase in trade, cooperation in economic development, cultural and educational exchanges. (2) Leadership will have to display maturity in the issues like sharing river waters. The agreement in this regard should be respected. (3) The rhetoric of ‘enemy’ perception has to stop and the two countries can resolve even Kashmir issue within the framework of Shimla Agreement. (4) Two countries should agree to respect sovereignty of each other and stop intervening in the internal affairs of each other. (5) Terrorism is causing havoc both in India and Pakistan. They should evolve a joint strategy to tackle terrorism and put an end to the terrorist activities.
(2) Do you agree with the statement : ‘Hurdles are created in the way of internal development due to tense relations of India with neighbouring countries.’ Explain with reasons.
Ans. I entirely agree with the view that tense relations with neighbouring countries are hurdles in development within the country. (1) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was a visionary and had given priority to establish cordial relations with the neighbouring countries. He believed that India will be able to focus on economic development in the absence of tense relations with neighbours. (2) In the absence of conflicts, the enormous expenditure on nuclear programme and military preparedness could be reduced. This could be fruitfully used for alleviation of poverty, agricultural and industrial development and thereby bringing economic prosperity. (3) It will enable the country to focus on human security.
(3) Do you think that strong healthy relations of India with America are conducive to India’s economic development?
Ans. I entirely agree with the view that strong and healthy relations with America are conducive to India’s economic development. (1) In 2005, the India-U.S. Civil-Nuclear Agreement was signed by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then Prime Minister of India and George W. Bush Jr., the then American President. (2) In 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) gave its approval to the deal. (3) Because of this deal, it became possible for India to get nuclear technology from other countries as well. (4) America is a technically advanced country. It could make available technology as well as capital required for India’s economic development.