Q 1. Suggest measures for the following problems:
(A) The slums in the cities are increasing.
Ans.
(1) Creating employment opportunities in the rural areas to minimize migration towards cities. (2) Promoting affordable housing to slum dwellers. (3) Rehabilitation of slums to safe places.
(B) Because of the increasing traffic jams within the city, lot of time is consumed in commuting.
Ans. (1) Improving public transport system and carpooling system. (2) Effective traffic control system. (3) Goods, services, education should be available at local level to avoid travelling in search of that.
(C) The question of law and order in the urban areas is serious.
Ans. (1) Creating enough employment for both educated and uneducated peoples in the cities. (2) Police and Judicial system should be very strict and should not be corrupt. (3) Creating employment opportunities in the rural areas to minimize migration towards cities.
(D) The problem of pollution is grave because of urbanisation.
Ans. (1) Strict action should be taken against polluting industrial units. (2) Affluent water treatment plant should be made compulsory. (3) More usage of public transport system to avoid private use of vehicles.
(E) Migration has created questions of health and education in urban areas.
Ans.
(1) Educational institutes and health centres need to be upgraded in the rural areas. (2) Creating employment opportunities in the rural areas to minimize migration towards cities. (3) Infrastructure like transport, electricity, etc. need to be provided in the rural areas.
Q 2. Match the correct pairs :
Group A
(1) Technological development and mechanisation
(2) Permanently staying away from your original place
(3) 75% males are engaged in non-agricultural occupation
(4) The problems of solid waste
Group B
(A) Urban areas
(B) Lack of planning
(C) Migration
(D) Urbanisation
Ans.
(1) Technological development and mechanisation – Urbanisation
(2) Permanently staying away from your original place – Migration
(3) 75% males are engaged in non-agricultural occupation – Urban areas
(4) The problems of solid waste – Lack of planning
Q 3. Outline the importance/ advantages of the following:
(A) Technology and mechanisation
Ans.
(1) Technology and mechanisation increase industrial production, creates employment and is useful for urbanisation. (2) In the recent decades, the use of technology and mechanisation has increased in agriculture. (3) In rural areas, agriculture is done with the help of machines on a large scale these days. (4) The manpower employed in agriculture became devoid of agricultural work. This working class came to cities to look for work. (5) As a result, urban population started increasing.
(B) Trade
Ans.
(1) A place in a region is sometimes favourable in terms of transport, loading unloading and storage of a good. This leads to development of trade and related services. (2) Business complexes, banks, credit societies, godowns, cold storages, houses, etc. start growing. (3) For example, Nagpur in India is centrally located in India. Urbanisation started increasing here because this location facilitated trade.
(C) Industrialisation
Ans.
(1) The development and concentration of industries in a region is a factor contributing towards urbanisation. (2) Increase in industries leads to increase in the hopes of people who are attracted towards these industries from surrounding areas. This increases the speed of urbanisation. (3) In the 19th century, Mumbai grew rapidly because textile mills started on a large scale in Mumbai. (4) Many villages, which were originally fishing villages (koliwadas), became part of Mumbai metropolitan area because of industrialisation and urbanisation.
(D) Amenities in urban areas
Ans.
(1) Various amenities and facilities develop in urban areas because of urbanisation. (2) Transportation, communication, educational and medical facilities, fire brigade, etc. are very important amenities. (3) Development of higher educational facilities in urban areas attract students from rural areas to urban areas. E.g. Pune. (4) Medical facilities are also well developed in urban areas. To avail of these facilities, many patients and their family members come from different parts and stay for short periods.
(E) Social harmony in the cities
Ans.
(1) There is an increase in secondary, tertiary and quaternary occupations with urbanisation. (2) Hence economic activities increases. These areas grow rapidly. (3) Cultural and social customs and traditions are exchanged as people from different parts live together in the cities. (4) This creates social harmony.
Q 4. Compare the following and give examples:
(A) Transportation system and traffic jams
Ans.
(1) As cities grow, people start living in the outskirts and suburbs of the city. (2) People commute from the suburbs to the centre of the city for businesses and industries, trade, jobs, education, etc. (3) Public transportation system is not sufficient and hence the number of private vehicles increases. (4) This leads to an increase in traffic jams and travelling time increases significantly e.g. Mumbai, Delhi, etc.
(B) Industrialisation and air pollution
Ans.
(1) Industrialisation leads to set up of huge factories which produce goods on a large scale. (2) Along with this, there is production of large amount of waste which is generally untreated. (3) This leads to increase in air pollution as toxic gases are released through chimneys. (4) Increase in the development of the city, paucity of facilities and breaking of laws makes pollution a big problem. (5) e.g. Delhi, Varanasi, etc.
(C) Migration and slums
Ans.
(1) Migration can be short term, long-term or permanent. (2) Migrated people have generally come for employment but it is not necessary that they get relevant jobs. (3) Hence incomes are very low. Such people build temporary and semi-structured houses in open spaces. (4) They do not get basic facilities from the local self-governments and there is a lack of basic facilities. (5) These slums keep on rising uncontrollably. This may give rise to social and health-related issues. e.g. Slums in Dharavi (Mumbai city).
(D) Amenities and increasing crime rate
Ans.
(1) Amenities are the facilities that provide comfort to people. (2) Transportation, communication, educational and medical facilities, fire brigade, etc. are very important amenities. (3) The people who have migrated people do not always find employment and amenities in the cities. (4) Some of them look for means to earn money through illegal ways. This leads to an increase in the crime rate of the cities. (5) Thefts, burglaries, scuffles and murders are the crimes that happen in the cities. e.g. Mumbai, Delhi, etc.
Q 5. Complete the table :
Process of urbanisation | Effects |
Emergence of slums | Illegal settlements |
Increase in population because of attraction of | |
Pollution | |
Employment opportunities were generated | |
Change from rural to urban |
Ans.
Q 6. Explain:
(A) The growth of cities takes place in a specific method.
Ans.
In the following manner the growth of cities takes place: (1) At first various industries like factories, mills, energy plants, multi-purpose projects etc. come up in rural areas. (2) People from surrounding areas come to work here and the population of the village increases. (3) To fulfil their needs other services develop like medical facilities, food, hospitals, recreation, etc. (4) The Gram Panchayat gives way to a Municipal Corporation. (5) These bodies provide basic services to citizens like drinking water, roads, transportation, sewerage network, street lighting etc.
(B) A planned city of your imagination
Ans.
A planned city of my imagination would have the following: (1) Housing for every one, health, education, recreation, public transport, etc. (2) Smart city with extensive use of ICT. (3) Proper implementation of law and order in the city. (4) Pollution and Traffic free city. (5) Enough employment and no poverty.
(C) Industrialisation causes cities to develop.
Ans.
(1) Increase in industries leads to increase in the hopes of people who are attracted towards these industries from surrounding areas. (2) This increases the speed of urbanisation leading to the development of infrastructural facilities like roadways, railways, power supply, water supply etc. (3) In the 19th century, Mumbai grew rapidly because textile mills started on a large scale.
(D) Pollution- A problem
Ans.
(1) Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the natural environment that cause adverse impact. (2) Pollution is a major problem in the cities. (3) Air pollution, noise pollution and water pollution are clearly visible. (4) Increase in the development of the city, paucity of facilities and breaking of laws makes pollution a big problem. (5) As cities grow, pollution also increases.
(E) Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan
Ans.
(1) Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan is a cleanliness campaign run by the Government of India. (2) ‘One step towards cleanliness’ is the objective of this campaign. (3) This campaign aims to keep the streets and infrastructure of the country’s cities, towns and its rural areas clean. (4) The funds for this programmes are raised by ‘Swachchh Bharat Cess’.
Q 7. Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation shown in the following pictures.