Q7. Answer the following questions in brief-
1. Prepare a questionaire for interview of a farmer during a field visit.
2. Explain about the historical background of India and Brazil.
3. Write about the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
4. Describe in brief about the climatic changes occurring in India while going from north to south.
5. Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil?
6. How are Brazil and India different from each other in terms of location?
7. Make a report on your field visit.
8. Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
9. Giving examples, colerate climate and population distribution.
10. Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.
11. Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil?
12. What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
13. Differentiate between the forest types of Brazil and India.
14. What environmental issues are faced by Brazil and India?
15. Correlate wildlife and natural vegetation in India and Brazil.
16. Describe the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India and Brazil.
17. What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
18. Prepare a questionaire for a field visit to a factory.
19. Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
20. What are the similarities and differences between the fishing activities that are carried out in India and Brazil?
21. Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
22. Why does the deciduous type of vegetation occupy most of India?
23. Which are the major water divides of India giving examples.
24. How will you manage the litter during the field visit?
25. What are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas?
26. What are the major causes of degradation of forests in Brazil and India?
27. What items will you take with you for the field visit?
28. Explain the similarities and differences between the population distribution in Brazil and India.
29. Which means of communication expedited the field of communication?
30. Write a comparative note on urbanisition in Brazil and India.
31. Differentiate between the human settlements in Ganga river basin and the Amazon river basin.
32. Why do human settlements grow in specific locations only?
1. Prepare a questionnaire for interview of a farmer during a field visit.
Ans: A questionnaire for interview of a farmer during field visit could be as follows:
i. What is your name?
ii. What is the total area of your farm?
iii. What type of soil is used in your farm?
iv. Name the crops grown in your farm during a year.
v. How do you maintain the productivity of soil?
vi. Describe about the irrigation management.
vii. Where do you sell the product?
viii. How do you manage the marketing?
2. Explain about the historical background of India and Brazil.
Ans:
(1) India was under the British rule for nearly one and a half century and gained independence in 1947.
Problems faced by India after independence:
a. In the initial years of its independence, India fought three wars. These wars had an adverse effect on the economy of India.
b. In the post independence period, India faced severe shortage of food grains which resulted in famines in several parts of the country.
(2) Brazil was under the Portuguese rule for more than three centuries and gained independence in 1822. Further, it was governed by a populist military government from 1930 till 1985.
Problems faced by Brazil after independence:
a. Brazil went through global financial difficulties till date 20 century.
3. Write about the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
Ans:
(1) Latitudinal extenet: Brazil experiences wide range of variations in climate due to its vast latitudinal extent. The temperature in the northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperature in the southern part are comparatively lower.
(2)Equator: The equator passes through the northern part of Brazil which means that the sun’s rays are perpendicular in this region throughout the year. Hence, the temperature here is hot. Moreover, this region receives Convectional type of rainfall. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25°C – 28°C and the rainfall is around 2000mm. So, the temperature here is humid. Thus, throughout the year this region experiences hot and humid climate.
(3) The escarpment: Brazil receives rainfall from the South- East Trade winds as well as the North- East Trade winds. However, the escarpment acts as a barrier to the winds coming from the sea. This causes orographic type of rainfall in the coastal areas. Beyond the highlands, as the effect of these winds gets reduced, the north-eastern part of the Highlands receives less rainfall and is called as a rain shadow region. This region is called Drought Quadrilateral.
(4)Weak convergence zone: In the equatorial regions, the winds move in the vertical direction in this region. Also the convergence zone of the trade winds near the coastal areas is extremely weak. As a result, cyclones are not formed.
(5) Highland and sea coast: The climate is cooler in the Highlands and the coasts experiences mild and humid climate due to the proximity of the sea.
Thus, the vast latitudinal extent and the physiography of Brazil affect the climate of this country.
4. Describe in brief about the climatic changes occurring in India while going from south to north.
Ans: Following changes can be seen in the climatic conditions of India while going from south to north-
(1) India has a ‘monsoon’ type of climate. However, there is diversity in climatic conditions of India. This is due to the latitudinal location (north-south extent) and altitude of the place.
(2) As the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India, India is considered to be in the tropical region and the average temperatures are higher throughout the year.
(3) Also, as it divides the country into Temperate Zone in the northern half and tropical Zone in the southern half; the climate in North India is generally cool & dry in winters and very hot in summers while the temperatures are high throughout the year in South India with high humidity due to proximity to the sea.
(4) Moreover, the state of Kerala receives rainfall from the South-West monsoon winds while Tamil Nadu receives rainfall from the North-East monsoon winds.
(5) The south- west monsoon winds are obstructed by the Western Ghats; hence the windward side of the region receives Orographic type of rainfall while the leeward side. i.e.. the Deccan Plateau receives less rainfall.
5. Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil?
Ans:
(1) The factors which attract more tourists in Brazil are;
a. Clean white sand beaches
b. Beautiful islands and orchards
c. The dense forests of Amazon
d Various birds and animals
(2) The cities which attract more tourists include the new capital city of Brasilia and other cities including Rio dc Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
6. How are Brazil and India different from each other in terms of location?
Ans: The difference in terms of location between Brazil and India are stated as follows:
(1) Location based on hemisphere:
a. India is located in the Northern hemisphere, whereas some part of Brazil is located in the Northern hemisphere and most of it lies in the Southern hemisphere.
b. India lies in the Eastern hemisphere whereas Brazil lies in the Western hemisphere.
(2) Location based on continent:
a. India is located in Asian continent whereas Brazil is located in South American continent.
b. India lies in the South of the continent of Asia whereas Brazil lies to the North of South American continent.
7. Make a report on your field visit.
Ans:
(1) Place of field visit: Harihareshwar
(2) Purpose of field visit: To study geographical, social and economical features of Harihareshwar.
(3) Location: Harihareshwar is a town in Shrivardhan Taluka in the Raigad district of Maharashtra.
(4) Natural features: Harihareshwar is surrounded by three hills, viz. Harihareshwar, Harshinachal and Pushpadri. The river Savitri enters the Arabian Sea from Harihareshwar. Sand beach, wave-cut platform, etc. are among the landforms seen in this area.
(5) Climate: The Harihareshwar, like other coastal areas, has moderate temperature. The summers are warm while the monsoon are humid.
(6) Human settlements and occupations: There are linear settlements in Harihareshwar. The people are engaged in various activities such as farming, fishing, tourism related activities, etc. for livelihood.
(7) Tourist places: The Harihareshwar has a range of beaches such as Harihareshwar Beach, Velas Beach, Shrivardhan Beach, Diveagar Beach etc. It is also known for temples such as Kalbhairav Temple, Somja Devi Temple etc. Other tourist placed in Harihareshwar are Bhagamandala, Ganesh Gully, Bankot Fort etc.
(8) Environmental problems: Pollution of oceanic waters is a major issue in Harihareshwar. It adversely affects aquatic animals. We must take precautions to avoid such pollution.
8. Explain the importance of the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
Ans: The Indian Ocean and the Himalayas play a major role in affecting the monsoon and climate of India.
(1) The Himalayas protect India from bitterly cold winds that blow from north. Thus, India does not experience severe cold during winter.
(2) At the beginning of summer, the temperature on main land increases. So, low pressure belt develops in the Punjab plains and the Thar desert of Rajasthan.
(3) At the same time, high pressure belt is develops over the Indian Ocean.
(4) Therefore, the moisture-laden winds coming from the south-west start blowing from the high pressure area to the low pressure area. These are south-west monsoon winds.
(5) India receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon winds. Due to the obstruction of the Western Ghats on the west, the western coast receives maximum rainfall from the south-west monsoon winds. It is approximately 400 to 500 cms.
(6) In the leeward side of the hills, the rainfall reduces. These winds blow parallel to the Aravalis. As they are not high to check the winds, parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat receive less rainfall.
(7) Later, these winds move towards the Himalayas and Orographic type of rainfall occurs due to the natural obstruction of the Himalayas.
(8) During winter, the temperature on the Indian subcontinent is lesser than the temperature on the Indian Oceans. Hence, winds start blowing from the north-east. These are dry winds but as they move towards the Indian Ocean, they retain moisture. These north-east monsoon winds bring rainfall to the eastern coast as well as some parts of the Peninsula.
In this way, Himalayas and the Indian Ocean play a very important role with respect to the climate of India.
9. Giving examples, colerate climate and population distribution.
Ans:
(1) In order to survive, human beings need suitable and conducive climate; as these are one of the most essential factors.
For e.g.:
a. The south-eastern coastal areas of Brazil receive 1000 – 1200 mm of rainfall and rarely experience tropical cyclones. Due to this, agriculture and industries have flourished well here. Due to this, higher density of population is found in these areas.
b. In India, the northern plains and the coastal areas in the west and east have favourable climate which results in the concentration of population in these areas.
(2) Also, it is to be noted that human settlements are not dense in areas having rain shadow regions, dry weather or extremely heavy rainfall, high temperature, etc.
For e.g.:
a. In Brazil, sparse population is found in the north-eastern part of the highlands which are drought affected and the areas of the Amazon valley that have unfavourable climate, experiences heavy rainfall, have accessibility issues and dense forests.
b. In India, sparse population is found in the western desert occupied areas of Rajasthan where the soil is not suitable for cultivation and the climate is very dry. Similarly, sparse population is also found in the areas of high altitude like Himalayas where the temperature is as low as – 40° (minus forty degrees).
Thus, it is evident that, climate plays a very important role in population concentration.
(10) Differentiate between the physiography o f Brazil and India.
Ans. The physiography of Brazil and India can be differentiated with the help of the following points :
(1) The physiography of Brazil is divided into the Highlands, the Great Escarpment, the Coastal region, the Plains and the Island groups. The physiography of India is divided into the Himalayas, the North Indian Plains, the Peninsula, the Coastal Plains and the Island groups.
(2) There are no high and long extending mountains in Brazil. On the other hand, there are many high and long extending mountains in India.
(3) The Himalayas mountain range extends in the northern part of India. Similarly, the mountainous region of Western Ghats is in the west and the mountainous region of Eastern Ghats is in the east of the peninsular region of India.
(4) The highest range of altitude is 500 metres to 1000 metres in Brazil. On the other hand, the highest range of altitude is 6000 metres to 8000 metres in India.
(5) The western part of the North Indian plains is occupied by desert. On the other hand, no such hot desert area lies in Brazil.
(6) Many wide plains are located in the north and in the coastal areas in India. On the other hand, there are no wide plains in Brazil.
(7) At many places, there are regions of backwaters in India. On the other hand, there are no such regions in Brazil.
(8) The Great Escarpment is located in the northeast part of Brazil. This Great Escarpment demarcates the eastern side of the Brazilian Highland. On the other hand, no such escarpments
are located in India.
11. Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil?
Ans:
(1) Minerals like iron ore, manganese, nickel, copper, bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc. are found mainly in the eastern part of Brazil and this region is highly developed.
(2) However, the western part of Brazil is not fully developed. Most of the part is covered by thick dense equatorial rainforests. So, unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, poor transport links etc. are all barriers to the development.
(3) Moreover, inaccessibility, limitations on use of natural resources, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources, etc. are other factors which have led to limitations in mining in the western part of Brazil.
Due to all these reasons, mining is not developed in the western part of Brazil.
12. What could be the reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal?
Ans: Pantanal which lies towards the southwest part of the highland areas is one of the largest wetlands in the world.
The reasons behind the formation of swamps in the extensive continental location of Pantanal are as follows:
(1) Pantanal is surrounded by Paraguay and its tributaries. These rivers collect its headwaters from the southern portion of the Highlands.
(2) When the river is flooding, a large amount of sediment comes out with the flow. Heavy sediments are found towards the bottom of the river while suspended particles are scattered all over.
(3) It means that Pantanal is formed due to the work of the river Paraguay and its tributaries. Due to this continuous process, Pantanal has developed into a marshy land.
(4) Paraguay river is located in the south-western part of Brazil and flows towards Argentina.
(5) Thus, Pantanal is formed due to the Paraguay river and it is a region of swamps and marshes in north-western Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil which extends into Argentina too.
13. Differentiate between the forest types of Brazil and India.
Ans. The forests types of Brazil and India can be differentiated as follows :
(A) Tropical evergreen forests :
(1) The northern region near equator in Brazil receives abundant sunshine and heavy rainfall throughout the year.
(2) As its effect, tropical evergreen forests are seen in the northern part of Brazil.
(3) The location of India is far away from equator.
(4) Therefore, the tropical evergreen forests that are seen in Brazil and not seen in India.
(B) Himalayan forests :
(1) Himalayan forests are found in northern part of India. Many flowering trees, coniferous trees like pine, deodar, etc. as well as sal tree are found in Himalayan forests.
(2) Himalayan forests are categorized into three types as per the altitude of Himalayan range.
(3) Like India, no snow covered mountainous regions are found in Brazil.
(4) Therefore, the Himalayan forests that are seen in India are not seen in Brazil.
14. What environmental issues are faced by Brazil and India?
Ans: Both Brazil and India have to face the following environmental issues:
(1) Extinction of many species of wild life:
In both countries, there is a significant decline of wild animals. This is mainly due to illegal smuggling of animals, poaching of endangered species, pollution, etc.
(2) Deforestation:
For shifting agriculture, land under forests is cleared by cutting and burning. On this patch of land, subsistence type of agriculture is followed for the next few years. Once this land loses fertility, another patch of land which is under forest is cleared. This increased deforestation has led to the degradation of environment.
For e.g. ‘Roca’ in Brazil and ‘Jhum ’ in north-east India has badly affected the environment.
(3) Pollution:
Pollution is the next threat to the environment. It has led to the degradation of environment.
These environmental issues have not only badly affected the environment but many endemic species are on the verge of getting extinct.
15. Correlate wildlife and natural vegetation in India and Brazil.
Ans:
(1) The habitat of every animal is unique.
(2) In ecology, a habitat is the kind of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives. Different animals and plants require different living conditions to survive. They live in those places where they find food, shelter, etc.
(3) Accordingly, the wildlife of any country is dependent on its natural vegetation. Animals that prey on the plant-eating animals also live in the forests. Thus, many food chains develop in the forests. Forests or grasslands are the habitats for many animals. It is basically due to plants that there are many animals.
(4) For e.g. In the Gir forests of India, along with lion, herbivores animals are also found. Similarly, in the rivers, estuaries and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gavials (gharial) are found.
In Brazil, near the Amazon River Basin, in the Evergreen forests regions, tall trees are seen and on these trees Tamarin is found. In this way, the wildlife and natural vegetation in India and Brazil are correlated with each other.
16. Describe the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India and Brazil.
Ans:
(A) India :
(1) Latitudinal extent :
The latitudinal extent of the mainland of India is from 8°4’ N latitude to 37°6’ N latitude. Indira Point is the southernmost point of India’s territory. It is located on Nicobar island at the 6°45’ latitude.
(2) Longitudinal extent : The longitudinal extent of India is from 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E
(B) Brazil :
(1) Latitudinal extent :
The latitudinal extent of Brazil is from 5°15’ N to 33°45’ S.
(2) Longitudinal extent :
The longitudinal extent of Brazil is from 34°45’ W to 73°48’ W.
17. What measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers of India?
Ans: Following are the measures taken by the government to control pollution in the rivers of India:
(1) Sewage treatment plants have now been made compulsory for every industry around the river basins. The water is treated before it is let out into the river.
(2) Crores of rupees have been allotted for cleaning rivers under the Centre’s National River Conservation Plan (NRCP).
(3) Cleaning of the river Ganga and its tributaries is running actively.
(4) The sewage treatment from residential areas too is regularized as the untreated sewage from residential areas is polluting the rivers.
(5) The use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers has been minimized by the government.
(6) Proper garbage disposal units are now installed so that people do not throw garbage on the road which eventually finds its way in to a water body.
(7) Conservation of soil too is done in order to keep the river pollution under control.
(8) More and more people are being educated about the various hazards of river pollution and how to avoid it.
18. Prepare a questionaire for a field visit to a factory.
Ans: A questionnaire for a field visit to a factory will be as follows:
(1) When was the factory established?
(2) Which product is manufactured in the factory?
(3) Where does the raw material required for the production come from?
(4) Who provides water supply to the factory?
(5) In which market is the final product sold? How far is this market from the factory?
(6) While setting up this factory, how many workers were provided with the means of livelihood?
(7) Which are the various roadways or railways that can be used to reach the factory?
(8) What provisions have been made for the betterment of workers?
(9) What precautions have been taken to prevent a fire hazard?
(10) What precautions have been taken to prevent or reduce environmental pollution?
19. Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
Ans:
(1) India has a monsoon type of climate whereas Brazil experiences wide range of variations in climate. For E.g. In Brazil, near the equator the climate is hot while near the Tropic of Capricorn, there is temperate type of climate.
(2) In India, the average temperature is higher throughout the year since the sun’s rays are perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer which passes through it whereas in Brazil, the Equator cuts across the northern part of the country which results in 25° C to 28° C of average temperature in the Amazon Valley.
(3) The temperature in the northern states of India is cold. For e.g. Jammu & Kashmir and parts of mountainous regions of Himalayas experience temperatures of -40° C during the winters. While the temperature increases towards the southern states of India. In contrast, the northern part of Brazil is generally hot while in the southern part, the temperature is comparatively lower.
(4) India receives rainfall due to the South-West monsoon winds and the rainfall is mainly of Orographic type whereas Brazil receives orographic type of rainfall from the South-East Trade winds & North-East Trade winds and the rainfall in the northern part of Brazil is of Convectional type.
(5) In India, the regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan experience less rainfall while the northeastern part of Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
(6) In India, Tropical cyclones occur frequently while these cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
20. What are the similarities and differences between the fishing activities that are carried out in India and Brazil?
Ans: Following are the similarities and differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India –
(1) Similarities in the fishing activities in Brazil and India:
a. Coastline:
Both the countries have a long coastline. Brazil has about 7,400 kms of coastline and is an excellent fishing ground off the South Atlantic coast. While India has a sea coast of around 7,500 kms and fishing plays an important role in the economy of India.
b. Development:
In both the countries, marine fishing has well-developed.
(2) Differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India:
a. Types:
The meeting of the warm Brazil ocean current and the cold Folkland ocean current off the south-east coast of Brazil makes a good fishing ground. Therefore, marine fishing is undertaken on a large scale in Brazil. Inland fishing is not developed here even though there are large numbers of rivers in Brazil.
However, in India, marine fishing accounts for about 40 per cent of the total annual production of fish while inland fisheries contribute about 60 per cent of the country’s total fish production.
b. Major fishes:
In Brazil, swordfish, shrimp, lobsters and sardines are mainly caught. While in India, sardines, mackerel, Bombay duck and prawns are the major fishes found here. On the eastern coast, horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellies are mainly caught.
21. Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
Ans: The characteristics / features of the North Indian Plains are as follows:
(1) North Indian Plains which is mostly a flat low-lying area, lies between Himalaya Mountains in the north and the peninsular plateau in the south.
(2) Also, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east.
(3) The North Indian Plains are divided into two sub-divisions, viz. the Ganga Basin and the Brahmaputra Valley.
(4) The part lying to the east of the Aravalis is the Ganga Basin and is therefore known as the Ganga Plains which slopes eastward.
(5) Most of the parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh together constitute the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta system. It is known as Sunderbans which is world’s largest delta.
(6) The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by Thar Desert. It is also known as the Marusthali or the Thar Desert.
(7) To the north of the desert lie the Punjab plains which are formed due to the depositional work by river Sutlej and its tributaries. It slopes towards the west and is spread to the west of Aravalis & Delhi ranges. Agriculture is largely practised in this region as the soil here is very fertile.
22. Why does the deciduous type of vegetation occupy most of India?
Ans:
(1) Rainfall and climate are the two important factors which affect the natural vegetation of any country.
(2) India is a tropical region and it has a monsoon type of climate. It receives maximum rainfall from the months of June to September due to the South-West monsoon winds.
(3) Moreover, it experiences hot climate throughout the year. Due to this, deciduous forests are found here. These forests are found in regions where the rainfall is between 1000 mm and 2000 mm.
(4) In dry seasons, trees shed their leaves so that water is not lost due to evaporation. Teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal, etc., are the trees found in these forests.
Therefore, the deciduous type of vegetation occupies most of India.
23. Which are the major water divides of India giving examples.
Ans: Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is known as water divide. The major water divides of India are as follows:-
(1) Western Ghats:
a. Western Ghats is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India. It forms a major water divide in the Peninsula.
b. Most of the major rivers of the Peninsula, such as the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. There are numerous small streams and rivers like Savitri, Terekhol etc. flowing towards west of the Western Ghats.
(2) Aravali Range:
a. The Aravali Hills lie on the western and north-western margins of the Peninsular plateau.
b. River Luni originates along the western slopes of Aravali range and flows in somewhat north-west to south-west direction and meets Gulf of Kutch while Banas, a tributary of River Chambal flows to North-east direction.
c. Tn this way, Aravali acts as a water divide of India.
(3) Vindya range: Vindya ranges divided the Ganga drainage basin and Narmada river valley.
(4) Satpuda range: Satpuda range divided Narmada river valley and Tapi river valley.
(5) Himalayas: Himalayas act as a water divide as it separates the rivers flowing in the Himalyalan system from the river flowing in Trans Himalayan ranges.
24. How will you manage the litter during the field visit?
Ans:
(1) It is our social responsibility to ensure that the cleanliness and sanctity of the place of visit is not disturbed during our visit.
(2) So during field visit, we must ensure that we do not throw trash or litter around us.
(3) We must use the dustbins for throwing empty packets of snacks, empty water bottles, left-over food items, etc. Also, we must try to segregate dry and wet waste.
(4) We must carry huge garbage bags so as to use them to collect trash in absence of a dustbin or if the dustbin is overflowing with garbage. This garbage bag can be disposed later.
25. What are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas?
Ans:
(1) The most common mode of transportation in the eastern part of the Brazil is roadways. Also, waterways have developed on the Amazon river on a commercial basis.
(2) However, the development of railways is difficult in the forested land of Amazon river basin and the swampy land there.
(3) Also, railways are not well developed in Brazil due to Brazilian highland area.
Hence, there are difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas.
26. What are the major causes of degradation of forests in Brazil and India?
Ans: The major causes of degradation of forest in Brazil and India are as follows:
(1) Urbanisation:
a. Both the countries are developing countries. In both the countries, due to industrialisation, there is urbanisation.
b. Due to urbanisation, new cities develop and expand. There is a rapid migration of rural people to urban areas for jobs and better living. The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing problem and in order to accommodate them, vast areas of land under forests are cleared.
For e.g. Vast areas of land are cleared in order to widen the roads.
(2) Shifting agriculture:
a. People of both countries are cutting down trees and reducing forest cover to bring more land under cultivation. As a result, it is reducing the area of the forests.
b. In Brazil, shifting cultivation is known as ‘Roca ’ and in India shifting cultivation is known as ‘Jhum ’. It is practiced in parts of North-East.
c. For shifting agriculture, land under forests is cleared by cutting and burning. On this patch of land, subsistence type of agriculture is followed for the next few years. Once this land loses fertility, another patch of land which is under forest is cleared. This leads to deforestation.
27. What items will you take with you for the field visit?
Ans: If I were to do a field visit, I would have carried the following things:
(1) Identity card
(2) Notebook and questionnaire
(3) Pen
(4) Pencil
(5) Ziplock bags to collect samples
(6) Camera
(7) Binoculars
(8) Magnetic compass
(9) Map of the place
(10) First aid kit
(11) Information booklet about the place to be visited
(12) GPS enabled mobile phone
(13) Cap
(14) Water bottle, etc.
28. Explain the similarities and differences between the population distribution in Brazil and India.
Ans:
(1) The similarities between the population distribution in Brazil and India are as follows:
a. Both India and Brazil have their population distributed unevenly.
b. Concentration of population is seen in specific areas which have fertile soil, low lying areas, availability of water, favourable climatic conditions as well as transportation and other facilities.
For e.g. Large concentration of population is seen in the coastal lowlands of Brazil and the northern plains in India as well as in cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Bengaluru, etc. in India and Sao Paulo, Brasilia and Rio De Janeiro in Brazil.
(2) The difference between the population distribution in Brazil and India is as follows:
a. In India, the Ganga river valley has fertile land, favourable climate and availability of water in abundance. Therefore the population in this region is more. On the other hand, in Brazil, heavy rainfall, dense forests and other such unfavourable conditions lead to sparse population in the Amazon Valley.
b. The average population density in India is 382 person per sq.km, whereas the population density in Brazil is around 23 person per sq.km.
Thus, there are similarities as well differences in the population distribution in these two countries.
29. Which means of communication expedited the field of communication?
Ans:
(1) The various modes of communication in today’s world includes telephone, mobile phone, television and internet.
(2) In comparison to India, Brazil has a very well developed and effective communication system. Nearly 45% of Brazil’s population uses the internet, while in India use of mobile phone for communication is more prevalent.
(3) The use of smart mobile phones and internet has made India one of largest user of these services.
Thus, the expansion of internet, increasing number of satellites and increasing use of mobile phones has expedited the field of communication.
30. Write a comparative note on urbanisition in Brazil and India.
Ans:
(1) The growth of urbanisation: The growth of urbanisation in India has been slow as compared to Brazil.
(2) More urbanisation:
a. The southern part of India is more urbanised than the northern part. The urbanisation in Goa is 62%, while in Delhi it is more than 80%. Moreover, urbanisation is more in the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kerala.
b. In Brazil, the rate of urbanisation is high in South and South-east with Sao Paulo emerging as a major, metropolitan and industrial area. States like Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais have more urban population than states in the North.
(3) Less urbanisation:
a. In India, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Rajasthan are some of the states with low levels of urbanisation.
b. While in Brazil, in Amazon Basin and Brazilian Highlands, as population is less, urbanisation is also less. However, urbanisation has occurred in Manaus because it is a port on the confluence of the River Negro and the River Amazon.
31. Differentiate between the human settlements in Ganga river basin and the Amazon river basin.
Ans:
(1) The Ganga river in India and the Amazon river in Brazil are both large rivers that have a vast river basin.
(2) In Ganga river basin area, the water availability is abundant, land is fertile and climate is favourable for agriculture as well as human settlements. Hence, human settlements are found in this region from ancient times. Nucleated settlements arc found in these northern plains of India. Also, transport network developed in this region.
(3) The Amazon River basin, in Brazil, receives around 2000 mm of rainfall. The unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests, poor transport links in this region make it inappropriate for human settlements. Hence, there are dispersed human settlements are found in this region.
(4) Here, it can be concluded that, Ganga river basin is suitable for human settlements, while the Amazon river basin is not suitable.
32. Why do human settlements grow in specific locations only?
Ans:
(1) Human settlements in a particular location depends on variety of factors like climatic factors, availability of water, slope of the land and level of development. Human settlements grows and becomes nucleated in the locations where these factors are conducive.
For e.g.:
a. Nucleated settlements are found throughout the plateau region of Narmada Valley, paddy land in Bihar, U.P., Vindhyan plateau and several other cultivated parts of India.
b. Similarly, Sao Paulo near the southern coast of Brazil, which is famous for its coffee production, has nucleated settlements due to the close vicinity of ocean, ample natural resources, means of transportation, etc.
(2) Where as the conditions are not suitable for human settlements, dispersed settlements are found at such locations.
For e.g.:
a. The area on the slopes of Himalayas, the tribal parts covering central part of India, western and southern Rajasthan, slopes, land with dissected and uneven topography, etc. have dispersed settlements.
b. In Brazil, practicing agriculture is difficult in the rural areas such as the north-east highlands due to extreme droughts in these regions. This leads to sparse settlements in this region. Also, sparse population is found in the central part of Brazil due to thick dense equatorial rainforests, unhealthy climate, limitations on use and exploitation of natural resources and also poor transport facilities.