Q3. Distinguish between- ( click to get the solutions)
1. Water transport in R. Ganga an R. Amazon
2. Communication in Brazil and communication in India
3. Indian standard time and Brazilian standard time
4. Location, extent and boundaries of India and Brazil
5. Historical background of India and historical background of Brazil
6. Physiography of India and physiography of Brazil
7. North Indian plains and Brazilian plains
8. Climate of India and climate of Brazil
9. Vegetation in India and vegetation in Brazil
10. Animal life in India and animal life in Brazil
11. Average life expectancy in India and Brazil
12. Urbanization in India and Brazil
13. Agriculture in India and Brazil
14. Occupations in India and Brazil
15. Transportation in India and Brazil
16. Tourism in India and Brazil
Q3. Distinguish between- [Draw tables (rows and columns) on board paper]
1. Water transport in R. Ganga an R. Amazon
Ans.
Water Transport in Amazon River
(1) International commercial water transport is carried out in the Amazon river.
(2) The amount of water transport carried out in Amazon river is comparatively higher.
Water Transport in Ganga River
(1) Internal water transport is carried out in the Ganga river.
(2) The amount of water transport carried out in Ganga river is comparatively low.
2. Communication in Brazil and communication in India.
Ans.
Communication in Brazil
(1) The communication system in Brazil is comparatively modern and effective.
(2) In Brazil, nearly more than 45 per cent of total population has access to the internet.
Communication in India
(1) The communication system in India is comparatively less modern and less effective.
(2) Though India is one of the largest users of internet in the world, only 30 per cent of the total population has access to the internet.
3. Indian standard time and Brazilian standard time
Ans.
Indian standard time (IST)
(1) IST is ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT) by 5 hours and 30 minutes.
(2) IST is ahead of BRT by 8 hours and 30 minutes.
(3) India has only one standard time zone.
(4) The difference between the two extreme longitudes in India is 2 hours (120 minutes)
Brazilian standard time (BRT)
(1) BRT Is 3 hours, behind Greenwich Meridian Time (GMT).
(2) BRT is 8 hours and 30 minutes behind IST
(3) Brazil has four time zones.
(4) The difference between two extreme longitudes in Brazil is around 2 hours 48 min (168 minutes)
4. Location, extent and boundaries of India and Brazil
Ans.
Location, extent and boundaries of India
(1) The extent of the mainland India is 8°4’N to 37°6’N latitudes and between 68°7’E to 97°25 E longitudes.
(2) India is located in the northern and eastern hemispheres of the Earth.
(3) It is located in the southern part of the Asian continent.
Location, extent and boundaries of Brazil
(1) The extent of the mainland Brazil is 5°15’N to 33°45′ S latitudes and between to 34°45W to 73°48’W longitude.
(2) Some part of Brazil lies in the northern hemisphere, while most of it lies in the southern hemisphere.
(3) Also, it lies in the western hemisphere. It is located in the north – east part of the South American continent.
5. Historical background of India and historical background of Brazil
Ans.
Historical background of India
(1) India was under the British rule for almost one-and-a-half century.
(2) India got its independence in the year 1947.
(3) It faced several problems like three wars, famine situations in various parts and similar issues after independence.
Historical background of Brazil
(1) For more than three centuries, Brazil was under Portuguese rule.
(2) Brazil gained its independence in 1822.
(3) From 1930 to 1985, for more than a half century, it was under a populist military government.
6. Physiography of India and physiography of Brazil
Ans.
Physiography of India
(1) The physiography of India is divided into the Himalayas, the North Indian Plains, the Peninsula, the Coastal Plains and the Island groups.
(2) There are many high and long extending mountains in India.
(3) The highest range of altitude is 6000 metres to 8000 metres in India.
(4) The western part of the North Indian plains is occupied by desert.
Physiography of Brazil
(1) The physiography of Brazil is divided into the Highlands, the Great Escarpment, the Coastal region, the Plains and the Island groups.
(2) There are no high and long extending mountains in Brazil.
(3) The highest range of altitude is 500 metres to 1000 metres in Brazil.
(4) No such hot desert area lies in Brazil.
7. North Indian plains and Brazilian plains
Ans.
North Indian plains
(1) This division lies between Himalaya Mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the south. Similarly, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam
in the east.
(2) It is mostly a flat low lying area and the slope of the plains is towards the west.
(3) The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by desert.
Brazilian plains
(1) The plains in Brazil are confined to two areas namely the Amazon basin in the north and Paraguay-Parana source region in the southwest.
(2) Amazon plains lying in the northern parts of Brazil generally slope eastwards.
(3) As the river approaches the Atlantic Ocean, the width of the plains increases. These are mostly forested areas and largely inaccessible due to frequent flooding and dense undergrowth.
8. Climate of India and climate of Brazil
Ans.
Climate of India
(1) Monsoon type of climate is seen in India.
(2) In India, the temperature is comparatively lower in the northern part and higher in southern part.
(3) In India, the amount of rainfall is comparatively lower in the northern part and comparatively higher in the southern part.
(4) In India, hot and humid climate is found near the coastal regions.
Climate of Brazil
(1) Brazil’s climate is of tropical type.
(2) ) In Brazil, the temperature is comparatively higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part.
(3) In Brazil, the amount of rainfall is comparatively higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part.
(4) In Brazil, mild and humid climate is found near the coastal regions.
9. Vegetation in India and vegetation in Brazil
Ans.
Vegetation in India
(1) In regions which receive more than 2000 mm of rainfall on an average along with abundant sunlight , evergreen forests are found.
(2) In regions receiving rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm in India, deciduous forests are found. In dry seasons, trees shed their leaves so that water is not lost due to evaporation. For e.g., teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal, etc are the trees found in these forests.
(3) Regions that receive less than 500 mm of rainfall and experience dry summers for a long period in India , thorny and shrub-type vegetation is found. The leaves are small in size. for e.g. catechu, acacia, khejri, and varieties of cactus like aloe vera and agave.
Vegetation in Brazil
(1) Evergreen forests are found in the area where it rains throughout the year.
(2) Brazil has the largest number of vegetation species in the world. This includes evergreen vegetation, semi-evergreen, arid, etc. One finds trees like Pau Brasil, rubber, mahogany, rosewood and a variety of orchids.
(3) In regions which receive rainfall only during certain seasons, the density of the vegetation reduces. Instead of forests, various types of grasses, short shrubs, thorny vegetation, etc. are found.
10. Animal life in India and animal life in Brazil
Ans.
Animal life in India
(1) Elephants are found in hot and humid forests. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in swampy and marshy lands of Assam. Wild ass and camels are found in arid lands. snow leopards and yaks are found in the snow-capped regions of Himalayas.
(2) Rivers, estuaries and coastal areas are homes of many turtles, crocodiles and gavials (gharial).
(3) Many species of wildlife are on the verge of extinction from India because of poaching, pollution and rapidly occurring deforestation
Animal life in Brazil
(1) In the swampy areas of the Pantanal, huge anacondas are found. In Brazil, guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators, monkeys, pumas, leopards, etc are found.
(2) Among the fish varieties, mainly swordfish are found in the seas while pink dolphins and piranhas are found in the rivers .
(3) Degradation of environment is happening due to illegal smuggling of wild animals, slash and burn agriculture (roka), deforestation, pollution, etc . Many endemic species are on the verge of getting extinct because of these issues.
11. Average life expectancy in India and Brazil
Ans.
Average life expectancy in India
(1) The average life expectancy of India was around 41 years in 1960.
(2) In 2016, the average life expectancy of India was 68 years.
(3) The life expectancy of Indians is lower.
Average life expectancy in Brazil
(1) The average life expectancy of India was around 54 years in 1960.
(2) In 2016, the average life expectancy of Brazil was 75 years.
(3) Brazil’s population has a higher life expectancy.
12. Urbanization in India and Brazil
Ans.
Urbanization in India
(1) The rate of urbanisation is comparatively lower in India.
(2) In 201l, the rate of urbanisation was only 31.2 per cent.
(3) Urbanisation has been more in the southern part than in the northern part or India.
(4) Goa is the most urbanised state India.
Urbanization in Brazil
(1) The rate of urbanisation is comparatively higher In India.
(2) In 2011, the rate of urbanisation was only 84.6 per cent.
(3) In Brazil. rapid urbanisation took place in south and South-east in Sau Paulo.
(4) Sau Paulo is the most urbanised state in Brazil.
13. Agriculture in India and Brazil
Ans.
Agriculture in India
(1) Features : (i) One of the traditional occupations. (ii) Nearly 60 % of land of India is under cultivation. (iii) Most of the agriculture is of subsistence nature. (iv) Compared to Brazil, the contribution of agriculture in Gross Domestic Product is high. (v) Compared to Brazil, the percentage of population of total population engaged in agriculture is high.
(2) The factors promoting a strong base : Extensive plains , fertile soils, long growing seasons, variety in climate, etc.
(3) Main food crops grown : Rice, wheat, sorghum, millets, maize, etc.
(4) Main cash crops grown : Tea, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rubber, jute, etc.
(5) Other crops cultivated: Variety of spices, fruits and vegetables.
Agriculture in Brazil
(1) Main areas : Brazilian Highlands and coastal regions.
(2) Variety in crops : Favourable climate and topography enables variety in crops.
(3) Main cereal crops grown : Rice (in coastal areas) and Corn (in central parts)
(4) Cash crops grown : Coffee, cocoa, rubber, soyabean, sugarcane, etc.
(5) Exports : Coffee and soya bean is largely exported. (Minas Gerias and Sao Paulo are the leading states in production of coffee.)
(6) Fruits cultivated : Bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruits.
14. Occupations in India and Brazil
Ans.
Occupations in India
(1) Fishing: In India, fresh water fishing is carried on at many places in rivers, canals, irrigation canals, tanks, ponds, lakes, etc.
(2) Agriculture: (i) Agriculture is one of the traditional occupations in India. Nearly 60 % of land of India is under cultivation. (ii) Rice, wheat, sorghum, millets, maize, etc. are the main food crops whereas tea, coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rubber, jute, etc. are the main cash crops. Variety of spices, fruits and vegetables are also cultivated.
(3) Mining: The Chhota Nagpur plateau in India is a big storehouse of different minerals. Coal is mined in Korba in Chattisgarh and in eastern Maharashtra. Mineral oil wells are found in Digboi in Assam, Mumbai High in Arabian Sea near Maharashtra, Kalol and Koyali in Gujrat.
Occupations in Brazil
(1) Fishing: In Brazil, fresh water fishing is carried on a small scale due to rigid topography, dense forests, and speedy discharge of rivers.
(2) Agriculture: (i) In Brazil, agriculture is mainly developed in Brazilian highlands and the coastal regions. (ii) The cereal crops like rice and maize and commercial crops like coffee, cocoa, rubber, soya bean, sugarcane, etc. are largely produced in Brazil. Fruits like bananas, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruits are also produced in Brazil.
(3) Mining : The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types of minerals. Iron ore, manganese, nickel, copper, bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc.
15. Transportation in India and Brazil
Ans.
Transportation in India
(1) Waterways : (i) Rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. are used for internal water transport. (ii) Waterways contribute only about 1 per cent to the country’s total transportation. (iii) Nearly 95 per cent of India’s foreign transport is carried out through ocean routes.
(2) Roadways : (i) About 85 per cent of the total passenger traffic is facilitated by roadways. (ii) Nearly 70 per cent of the total freight traffic is facilities by roadways.
(3) Railways : (i) Railways are used on a large scale for the transport of passenger and goods. (ii) Relatively less dense railway network is found in mountainous regions of north and northeast states, central region of India and arid region in the state of Rajasthan. (iii) A dense railway network is found in the North Indian plains.
(4) Airways : (i) International airways are well developed. (ii) Use of internal airways is gradually increasing.
Transportation in Brazil
(1) Waterways : (i) Waterways have been developed on a commercial basis from the mouth of river Amazon to the mouth of river Equitos in Peru. (ii) The longest international waterway can be navigated through this waterway.
(2) Roadways : (i) Roadways accounts for more than half of total transportation. (ii) High density of roadways is found in the eastern part. (iii) Sparse density of roadways is found in the Amazon river basin and swampy lands.
(3) Railways : (i) Developed in a limited way. (ii) Available at cheaper rate. (iii) Restricted to a few urban tourists route.
(4) Airways : Contribution of airways in total transportation is less.
16. Tourism in India and Brazil
Ans.
Tourism in India
(1) Features : (1) Tourism is one of the important occupations. (2) Since 2010, the number of international (foreign) tourists is remarkably constantly growing. (3) Many foreign tourists visit India for exploring Indian heritage and culture, to carry out adventurous or business activities and to receive health services, etc. (4) Nowadays, ecotourism is promoted on a large scale.
(2) Tourists attractions : Cultural and historical heritages, sculptures, clean seacoasts, national parks, bird sanctuaries, etc.
(3) The famous tourist places : Gateway of India, Ajanta Caves, etc.
Tourism in Brazil
(1) Features : (1) Tourism is one of the important occupations. (2) Ecotourism has recently developed.
(2) Tourist attractions : White sand beaches, scenic seacoasts, beautiful islands, evergreen dense forests, variety of species of birds and animals, gardens and parks, etc.
(3) The famous tourist places : Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, etc.