Q.1.)
A) Select the correct option and rewrite the sentence.
1) The problem of unemployment has been becoming more serious in India.
2) India is Labour abundant country.
3) Higher cost of power acquisition, frequent power cuts, irregular supply of power affect the productivity of SSI.
4) Before setting up a business, it is essential to study the prevailing Business environment.
5) Small Scale Business are labour intensive.
6) Occurring obscured idea in mind of entrepreneur is First stage of establishing business.
7) Small scale industries contribute nearly 40% to the industrial exports of the country.
B) Match the pairs.
1) 
Ans :
C) Give one word/phrase/term.
1) A sector which is back bone of rural India.
Ans : Small Scale Sector
2) An industry using power with less than 50 employees.
Ans : Small Scale Industry
D) State True or False:
1) Small Scale industries should be developed in order to maintain, economic balance in a country
Ans : True
2) Majority Small Scale industry uses advanced technology.
Ans : False
3) Small Business easily get access to low interest rates.
Ans : False
4) Small Business can not survive in the competition.
Ans : True
E) Find the odd one.
1) Coir , Handicraft, Spare Parts, Hand-loom
Ans : Spare Parts.
2) Bicycle Parts ,Sericulture ,Electronic Appliances , Sewing machine
Ans : Sericulture.
F) Complete the sentence.
1) Small Scale Industries plays an important role in developing countries.
2) SSI is Second largest industry which creates huge employment opportunities.
3) SSI enjoys the advantage of low cost of the produce.
4) SSI are labour intensive.
5) SSI requires less capital as compared to large scale industries.
6) SSI produce consumer goods as well as industrial components.
G) Complete the following table.
1)
Ans : Small manufacturing Sector
2)
Ans : Micro manufacturing Sector
3)
Ans : Medium Manufacturing Sector
4)
Ans : Micro Service Sector
5)
Ans : Small Service Sector
H) Answer in one sentence.
1) What is SSI?
Ans : Traditionally the industries in India which are organized on a Small Scale and produce goods with the help of machines, labour and power are considered as Small Scale Industries.
2) State the example of Traditional Small Scale Industry.
Ans : Hand-loom, Handicraft, Coir, Sericulture, Khadi and Village Industries are the examples of Traditional Small Scale Industries.
3) Give examples of Modern Small Scale Industry.
Ans : Bicycle Parts, Sewing Machines, Blades, Razors, Electric Appliances, Spare Parts are examples of Modern Small Scale Industries.
I) Correct the underlined word and rewrite the following sentence.
1) The problem of employment has been becoming more serious in India.
Ans : The problem of unemployment has been becoming more serious in India.
2) India is material abundant country.
Ans: India is labour abundant country.
3) Small scale Industry uses advanced technology.
Ans : Small scale Industry uses out dated technology.
4) SSI begins with large amount of capital.
Ans : SSI begins with small amount of capital.
5) A business proposal is the first step in setting up a small scale business.
Ans : Decision of Business area is the first step in setting up a small scale business.
J) Arrange in proper order.
a) Selection of a place b) Selection of a product c) Business proposal d) Selection of technology
Ans : b) Selection of a product a) Selection of a place d) Selection of technology c) Business proposal
Q.2. Explain the following term/concept.
1) Small Scale Industry
Ans : Any Industrial Unit is regarded as a Small Scale Industry if the following condition is satisfied. “Investment in fixed assets like plant and equipment. Either held on ownership terms or on the lease or hire purchase should not be more than Rupees one crore. However, the unit in no way can be owned or controlled or auxiliary for any other industrial unit.”
2) Service Sector
Ans : According to MSMED on the basis of investment Micro Service Sector ‘does not exceed Rs. 10 lakhs’, Small Service Sector, ‘more than Rs. 10 lakhs but does not exceed 2 crores ‘and Medium Service Sector ‘more than Rs. 2 crores but does not exceed Rs. 5 crores’.
3) Micro Small Scale Business
Ans : Micro small scale business is classified as Manufacturing Sector and Services Sector. According to MSMED, the Micro Manufacturing sector does not exceed Rs. 25 lakhs, and the Micro Services sector does not exceed Rs. 10 lakhs.
4) Traditional Industrial Sector
Ans : Small Scale Industries are further classified as Traditional Small Scale Industries and Modern small scale Industries. Handloom, Handicraft, Coir, Sericulture, Khadi and Village Industries are the examples of traditional SSI Industries.
5) Modern Industrial Sector
Ans : Small Scale Industries are further classified as Traditional Small Scale Industries and Modern Small Scale Industries. Bicycle Parts, Sewing Machines, Blades, Razors, Electric Appliances, Spare Parts are the examples of Modern Small Scale Industries.
Q.3. Study the following case/situation and express your opinion.
1) Mr. Ram wants to start a Small Scale business of manufacturing parts of bicycles or machinery.
a) Identify the first step or stage of setting up his Small Scale business.
b) State the different ways of raising the capital for his business.
c) ‘Marketing is a necessary step of running a business,’ comment on it.
Ans : a) Ram has to first decide whether the setup will be corporation, proprietorship, or partnership. He has to identify his strength and weaknesses which can help him to decide what type of business would be most suitable. He has to study the amount of capital requirement needed to start his business. Once he gets the idea of total capital requirement he can decide what type of business to start.
b) If Ram decides to start as proprietorship than he has to raise all the capital by himself. He can get it from his own savings or borrow money from banks, financial institutions. He can also study different government schemes and raise capital through those schemes. If Ram decides to start a partnership firm than he will have to find a person who is ready to invest in his partnership firm as well as he has knowledge about manufacturing parts of the bicycle. They can raise capital by investing their savings, borrowing through financial institutions and friends. They can also take help from various government schemes and institutions set-up to help SSI. If Ram decides to start a corporation i.e. Pvt. Ltd. Company than he can raise capital by issuing equity shares privately. He has to sell the shares to his friends and relatives. He can also study of various government schemes and raise capital through those schemes. Ram can also borrow money from banks, financial institutes, etc. He can also accept deposits from the public in the further stage of his business.
c) Goods are ultimately manufactured for consumers. There is competition among many manufacturers and traders to sell goods in the market. Without selling the goods, the manufacturer cannot earn a profit. Profit is the main motto of business. To sell goods in the market, advertising and publicity are required. To make your brand image in the market, advertising with the quality of goods is required. Branded goods are easily sold in the market. Marketing can be done in many ways like TV, Radio, Bill Boards, Internet, Websites, Salesman, etc. Thus, marketing is a necessary step of running a business
2) Mr. Rahim is keenly interested in starting the Small Scale business. But he is worried about the challenges before Small Scale business. Guide him about the solutions to face these challenges.
Ans : The non-cooperation movement encourages the development of small scale industries of India because the non-cooperation movement was a significant way of the Indian Independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Q.4. Answer in brief.
1) State any four points of importance of Small Scale Industry/Business.
Ans : Important of Small Scale Industry.
→ Job opportunities
→ Regional Balance
→ Maximum use of Natural resources
→ Reduces migration
a) Job Opportunities : SSI is the second largest industry which creates huge employment opportunities because it can be operated with a minimum amount of capital. SSI can be run with basic and potential skills. This is a boost for a labour surplus country like India.
b) Regional Balance : In India, all regions are not developed due to the lack of industrialization. SSI can be set up with a minimum amount of capital. Small industries manufacture product using simple technologies, locally available resources, material and labour. Thus, they contribute significantly to the balanced development of the country.
c) Maximum use of Natural Resources : Small scale industries are labour intensive. They utilize available natural resources and raw materials from local areas. Such use of local natural resources minimizes the cost of production which result in reasonable price of goods.
d) Reduces Migration : Small Scale industries can create a large number of employment in rural area. small scale industry is also a best example of self employment. Therefore,
migration of people from rural area to urban area can be reduced or minimized.
2) Write any four advantages of the Small Scale Industry.
Ans : Advantages of Small Scale Industries.
→ Large Employment
→ Less Capital Requirement
→ Contribution to Export
→ Opportunities for Entrepreneurship
a) Large Employment : India is labour abundant country. Small Scale Industries have
potential to create employment opportunities on a mass scale. They are labour intensive
They use more labour than other factors of production. Their gestation period is low and
can provide employment opportunities to large number of people.
b) Less Capital Requirement : SSI requires less capital as compared to large scale industries. SSI can be started by small entrepreneurs with limited capital resources.
c) Contribution to Export : Nearly 40% of the industrial exports are contributed by SSI. A product such as hosiery, knitwear, gems and jewellery, handicraft, coir products, woolen garments, processed food, chemical, and allied products and a large number of engineering goods contribute substantially to India’s exports. Products produced by SSI are used in the manufacturing of products by large scale industries which are exported. It contributes directly and indirectly to exports and helps to earn valuable foreign exchange.
d) Opportunities for Entrepreneurship : Small Scale Industries provide opportunities for entrepreneurs with limited capital as it requires less capital and lower investment in technology and machines as compared to large scale enterprises. Therefore, small entrepreneurs can start small scale industries easily. SSI in Japan, which was devastated by the second world war became a major economic power because of many small entrepreneurs who contributed greatly to the nations development.
3) State any four challenges before Small Scale Industries.
Ans : Challenges before Small scale industries.
→ Inadequate finance
→ Problem of raw material
→ Labour problem
→ Marketing problem
a) Inadequate Finance : SSI generally begins with a small amount of capital. Many of the units in the small sector raise funds from the capital market. These units frequently suffer from lack of adequate working capital.
b) Problem of Raw Material : Another major problem of Small Scale Industries is an inadequate supply of raw materials. Due to that SSI have to compromise on the quantity and quality of raw material, or pay more price for good quality of raw material.
c) Labour Problem : Most of the small industries recruit unskilled and semi skilled workers on daily wages. This creates the problem of low labour productivity, higher absenteeism
and poor job commitment. The wages are low due to financial limitations which turn into labour dissatisfaction and increases labour turnover. Improper shifts and lack of job
security makes employment in small industries unattractive and the talented work force does not opt for such job.
d) Marketing Problem : Marketing is one of the most important activity as it generates revenue. Effective marketing of goods requires a thorough understanding of the customers
needs and requirements. In most cases, marketing is a weaker area of small industries. These SSI have to depend excessively on middlemen who at times exploit them by paying
low prices and delayed payments. Further, direct marketing may not be feasible for small business firms as they lack the necessary infrastructure.
Q.5. Justify the following statement.
1) Generally, Small Scale Industries are sick.
Ans : There are many problems faced by Small Scale Industries. These problems may be internal problems or external problems.
Internal Problems are like unskilled labour or untrained labour, lack of managerial skills and marketing skills, lack of modernization, etc.
External problems like shortage of working capital, inadequate loans, delayed payments, shortage of raw material, etc.
According to RBI a sick unit is that which has incurred a cash loss for one year, is likely to continue it for the current year as well as following year.
Thus, mainly due to financial problem, industrial units are unable to sustain themselves and are called as sick units.
2) Small Scale Industry requires less amount of capital.
Ans : The production of Small Scale Industries is less.
General unskilled labours are employed.
As production is a less raw material requirement is also less.
In a place like India, Where capital formation is low, small business is suitable.
Due to small in size, such a form of business can easily adapt to a changing atmosphere. This promotes flexibility. It can easily change their working style without much loss as compared to large businesses.
Thus, SSI requires less amount of capital.
3) Small Scale Industries have problems.
Ans : Small scale industries have to face many problems:
Lack of Adequate Finance : Due to the small scale of production and sale, Banks and Financial Institutions are afraid to give loans.
The problem of Raw material: Due to inadequate finance they cannot purchase raw material at a time Thus, the cost of raw material increases.
Labour Problem : Due to inadequate finance, they cannot employ skilled labour which affects production.
Marketing Problem : The goods manufactured if not marketed properly can be risky as it will affect the sales.
The problem of Transport : Transportation cost increases the cost of the product which hampers the sale as large scale industries cost may be less.
Sickness : Due to financial problem industrial units are unable to sustain themselves and finally turn to sick units.
Thus, Small Scale Industries have problems.
Q.6. Attempt the following.
1) Explain the meaning of Small Scale industries.
Ans : Small Scale Industries are those industries where fixed assets i.e. plant and machinery which is owned or hired or taken on lease basis, do not exceed more than one crore. MSMED has classified Small Scale Industries into the manufacturing sector and services sector, and further into three categories of business i.e. Micro business, Small business, and Medium business. Subsequently, over a period of time, a new definition was introduced by the MSMED Act, 2006 (Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Development) is as follows:
(A) Manufacturing Enterprises:
A micro enterprise, Where the investment in plant and machinery is less than Rs. 25 lakh.
A small enterprise, where the investment is more than Rs. 25 lakh but less than Rs. 5 crores.
A medium enterprise, where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 5 crores but less than Rs. 10 crore.
(B) Service Enterprises:
A micro enterprise, where the investment in equipment is less than Rs.10 lakh.
A small enterprise, where the investment in equipment is more than Rs. 10 lakh but less than Rs. 2 crores.
A medium enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs. 2 crores but less than Rs. 5 crores. An industrial unit can be categorized as a small business if it fulfills the above capital investment criteria.
2) State the importance of small business.
Ans : Following are the importance of Small Business:
a) Supply of Raw Materials to Large Industries: Finished goods of Small Scale Industries is the raw material for large scale industries. E.g., headlights supplied to automobile industries. Small Scale Industries supply raw materials to large scale industries and they get easy market available to their product.
b) Balanced Development between Rural and Urban Areas: With the help of locally available raw materials and labour, more and more Small Scale Business can be started in rural areas. This helps to a reduced regional imbalance between urban and rural areas.
c) Opportunities to Young Generation: Young generations by using their creative skills make product unique in the market. Small scale business gives an opportunity to youngster to show their creativity and abilities to prove themselves and achieve success in development.
d) Large Employment: India is second largest populated country after China, which faced the problem of unskilled and semi-skilled labour. Small Scale Industries operate with more labour and less capital, which can accommodate more manpower to solve the employment problem.
e) The utilization of Domestic Resources: Small farmers can start their own unit of the small industry by using locally available raw materials. He can get self-employment and involve his family members too.
3) Explain in brief the impact of capital on Small Scale industries.
Ans : The major problem faced by small scale industries is insufficient capital, which creates the following difficulties with them.
a) Borrowings of Capital from Landlords and Money Lenders : Nationalized and Co-operative banks are not ready to finance Small Scale Industries without security. Thus, they are forced to borrow from money lenders, where they have to pay a very high rate of interest.
b) Storage of Raw material : Small Scale Industries are agro-based. The raw material is available seasonally. To stock goods, they required huge finance. Due to lack of finance, they run industry only in seasons.
c) Lack of Skilled Labour : Only unskilled and semi-skilled labourer are available. Small Scale Industries cannot afford labour cost of skilled labourer which affect the quality and quantity of production and profitability.
d) Outdated technology : Due to insufficient capital, production methods used by SSI are old, which results in poor quality and quantity of output.
e) Weaker Marketing Skill : In today’s world marketing plays an important role. The rural area is facing marketing problem due to lack of facilities and knowledge and they are exploited by middlemen too.
4) State any FIVE problem faced by Small Scale industries.
Ans : Problems faced by Small Scale Industries:
a) Outdated Technology : Traditional methods of productions are used due to lack of finance and knowledge about the latest technology. This results in the poor quality of production with a low output.
b) Problems of Infrastructure : Problems of infrastructure faced by small business are power cuts, improper transport facility, a problem like congestions, bottlenecks, strikes, rise in freight charges, inadequate space, bad repair of premises, unsuitable location, high rent, etc. These problems definitely affect the smooth working of small business.
c) Underutilization of Capacity : Small Scale Industries cannot utilize optimum resources and capacity ‘ due to lack of marketing skills, lack of demand, etc. This lead to an increase in the cost of product and wastage of resources.
d) Lack of Capital : Nationalized and Cooperative banks are not ready to provide finance without securities. Owners of Small Scale Industries don’t have any option other than borrowings funds from landlords and money lenders where they have to pay a very high rate of interest.
e) Problem of Skilled Labourers : Mostly unskilled and semi-skilled labourers are available to Small Scale Industries as they cannot afford the wages to the highly skilled labourer. This affect quality and quantity of output which results in less price for sales.
5) Explain the role of Small Scale industries in employment generation.
Ans : Small Scale Industries play a very important role in the generation of employment as follows:
a) Small Scale Industries are Labour Intensive : There is a shortage of capital with small scale industries. They are labour intensive. They use more manpower than machines, they create more opportunities for rural employment.
b) Employment to Unskilled and Semiskilled Labourer : Small Scale Industries are using the old and traditional method of production where they need unskilled and semi-skilled labourer.
c) Employment of Rural Land Less Labourer : Small Scale Industries are set-up in rural areas. They provide employment to local labourers. They have the potential to create opportunities to large scale employment to mass population in villages.
d) The decrease in Migration of Labourers : Migration means the movement of labourers from village to city in search of a job. Due to an increase in small scale industries in village areas migration of labour is reduced Labourers are getting good employment at their own villages.
Q.7. Answer the following
1) Explain the challenges before small business.
Ans : Small scale business is playing very important role in the development of developing countries. They faced the following challenges/difficulties :
a) Problems of Marketing : Small business organizations depend excessively on middlemen who many times exploit them by paying the low price and delayed payment. Further direct marketing may not be possible for them as they lack the necessary infrastructure. Major marketing problem is lack of advertising, nonbreeding of products, poor quality, transportation problem, local difficulties, competition, etc.
b) Infrastructural Problem : Problems of infrastructure faced by small business are power cuts, improper transport facility, a problem like traffic congestions, bottlenecks, strikes, rise in freight charges, inadequate space, bad repair of premises, unsuitable location, high rent, etc. These problems definitely affect the smooth working of small business.
c) Credit and Finance : Lack of finance is the major problem faced by small business. Artisans or Craftsmen running cottage industry take credits from Mahajan’s or traders who charge a large amount of interest from them. For small scale industries, institutional source of finance (e.g. banks) is also available, but the funds allocated to this sector are inadequate.
d) Underutilization of Capacity : Small business units cannot utilize optimum resources and capacity due to lack of marketing skills, lack of demand, they work below full capacity, etc. This lead to an increase in the cost and wastage of resources.
e) Labour Problem : It includes highly demanding employees, absenteeism, lack of skilled workers and transportation of workers, strikes, high wage rates, inefficiency, etc.
2) Write down the benefits of small business.
Ans : Small scale business plays a very important role in the economic development of the country.
The following are the benefits or advantages of small business.
a) Cost Savings : Small scale business used a micro-production method which results in a quality product at the low cost of production. The production cost of a small business is much less compared to large scale industries due to the low cost of operation.
b) Adaptability : Small scale business can change themselves as per the market requirement. They can change product, line of product as per market changes, like fashions, new product, demand, etc.
c) Limited Capital : As small business is labour intensive they requires very small amount of capital for plant and equipment.
d) Low Gestation Period : To start a new business requires very short period as compared to large scale industries. Small scale business can start production of the good in a very short period of time and can increase the scale of production.
e) Labour Intensive : Small business units useless machines and more labours. Absorption of local labour helps to solve the problem of absolute poverty and control inequality of income.
f) Opportunities to Rural Youth : New generation youth has smart creativity. With available technology and raw materials, rural youth can start their own business unit. The small business unit plays a very important role in developing countries.
g) Upliftment of Economy : Majority of small scale business used the traditional method of productions. Rural craftsman and artisans do have their own talents and skills which they have learnt from their forefathers. Such products are very much demanded in the market which results in high income.
h) Decentralized Economy : Small scale business prevents the concentration of economic power in a few hands. Income is divided equally among a large number of people.
i) Export Earning : Small business contributes a remarkable to the country’s export. 40% of India’s exports are contributed by small business like textiles, handicraft, handloom, embroidery, etc.
j) Regional Balance : There is a wide gap between urban and rural India. Small scale business helps to reduce the gap between developed and underdeveloped or developing areas.
3) Explain the process of establishment of Small Scale industries.
Ans : In today’s world, youth are more attracted to business opportunities rather than employment.
To start a small scale industry following stages to be followed.
a) The idea to Setup a Business : This is a first step to start a small scale industry. The prospective entrepreneur with his own capacity decides the sized and type of business like a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation.
b) Analysis of Business Surrounding: It is necessary to understand different business surrounding and policies before starting any business. They are competitors, legal, economical, industrial, technological, etc.
c) Choice of Product: Entrepreneurs has to decide his sector of production i.e. Manufacturing or Service sector. After doing a market survey and understanding the advantages and disadvantages one should decide the line of product or services.
d) Location for Business : Entrepreneur has to select a location to start a business. It plays a very important role in the success of the business while selecting location many factors are to be taken into consideration like availability of labour, raw materials, power supply, transportation, etc.
e) Technology Selection : An entrepreneur has to select available and suitable technology for his business. He should select technology he 1s familiar to use.
f) Project Appraisal : It means the study and assessment of a project. One should study the project very carefully from the point of view regards to the economy, finance, marketing and profitability.
g) Capital Requirement : The entrepreneur has to plan for the capital requirement and sources available for Capital. It can be self-finance, a loan from relatives or banks.
h) Incorporation/Registration : It is compulsory for every small scale industry to register with the respective Government Authorities. A printed application form is available with District Industries Centre (DIC). The entrepreneur has to duly fill the information with his signature in the form and submit to DIC.
i) Implementation of Resources : After registration of business entrepreneur has to start with the production process.
(a) Financial Resources : The entrepreneur has to collect finance and make necessary arrangement for capital.
(b) Factor Set up : The entrepreneurs have to allocate space for various operations, purchase of machinery and tools and installation of it.
(c) Electric power and water supply : The entrepreneur has to calculate the total electric power requirement in KW (Kilowatt) and get a connection from the authority and supply for water connection.
(d) Appointment of staff : Small scale industries are labour, intensive. One has to appoint unskilled and semi-skilled staff as per the requirement to start production.
j) Manufacturing and Selling of Product : After assembling all financial and physical resources goods are manufactured and send to market for sale. Advertising and publicity play a very important role in marketing and selling of product.
k) Customer’s Feedback : Customer satisfaction is very important in business. Regular feedback from customers is helping to make qualitative changes in the product.
4) Explain the importance of small business.
Ans : Following are the importance of Small Business.
a) Supply of Raw Materials to Large Industries : Finished goods of Small Scale Industries is the raw material for large scale industries. E.g., headlights supplied to automobile industries. Small Scale Industries supply raw materials to large scale industries and they get easy market available to their product.
b) Balanced Development between Rural and Urban Areas : With the help of locally available raw materials and labour, more and more Small Scale Business can be started in rural areas. This helps to a reduced regional imbalance between urban and rural areas.
c) Opportunities to Young Generation : Young generations by using their creative skills make the product unique in the market. Small scale business gives an opportunity to youngster to show their creativity and abilities to prove themselves
d) Large Employment : India is the second-largest populated country after China, which faced problem of unskilled and semi-skilled labour. Small Scale Industries operate with more labour and less capital, which can accommodate more manpower to solve the employment problem.
e) The utilization of Domestic Resources : Small farmers can start their own unit of the small industry by using locally available raw materials. He can get self-employment and involve his family members too.
5) It is clear that the absence of capital and the raw material is the main reason for the short term sickness. Explain it.
Ans : Industrial sickness means the industry which has financial losses over a period of time. Short term sickness is a temporary phenomenon.
Followings are the main capital and raw material reasons for short term sickness :
→ Financial/Capital :
1) Non-availability of Finance from Banks : Nationalized and Co-operative banks are not ready to finance SSI as there is less possibility of recovery of loans. Banks demand securities against loans, which is difficult to arrange for the small businessman.
2) Loans from Moneylenders : As bank finance is difficult to raise, small businessman borrow capital from money lenders who charged a very high rate of interest.
3) Shortage of Working Capital : Majority of small scale industries are depending on the local source of raw material which is seasonal. They have to buy a large quantity of raw materials to be used throughout the years which needs large finance.
4) Unawareness of various Government Schemes : Due to lack of awareness among the owners of SSI about various Government Scheme for capital marketing, subsidies, etc. suffer capital problems.
→ Raw Material :
1) A local source of raw material : Majority of small scale industries are depending on local supply of raw materials. Local suppliers of raw materials make artificial scarcity for the supply of raw materials which make an increase in product cost for the businessman.
2) Seasonal supply of raw materials : Small scale industries are using a local supply of raw materials. The supply of raw material is seasonal. They don’t have a huge capital to stock a large quantity of raw materials due to this they have to stop production of goods after the season ends and face the problem of short term sickness.
3) Shortage of raw material : There may be a short supply of raw materials due to natural calamities, transport strike, etc. affect the running of small scale industries.
4) Poor quality of raw material : There is no grading or standardizing of raw materials supply to scale industry. This affects product quality and quantity.