Our Social Life
💭 Think and Tell.
❓ Textbook Question
🌟 Simple Explanation of the Question
Observe the people living near your home. Find out which languages they use while speaking with family members, neighbours and friends.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Languages – systems of words used for communication | भाषा – संवादासाठी वापरली जाणारी शब्दांची व्यवस्था | भाषाएँ – बातचीत के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली शब्द-व्यवस्था |
| Spoken – used while talking | बोलल्या जाणाऱ्या – बोलताना वापरल्या जाणाऱ्या | बोली जाने वाली – बातचीत में उपयोग की जाने वाली |
| Locality – the area near one’s home | परिसर – घराच्या आसपासचा भाग | इलाका – घर के आसपास का क्षेत्र |
✅ Suggested Answer
Languages such as Marathi, Hindi, Urdu and English are spoken in my locality. Some families may also speak Gujarati, Kannada or other regional languages.
Note: Students should change this answer according to the languages actually spoken in their locality.
1.4 Cultural Diversity
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
Human social life has developed through many connected elements. These include art, language, clothing, food, traditions and sports.
India has great cultural diversity. Different regions have their own festivals, celebrations, songs, customs and traditions.
These cultural forms may look different, but the basic feelings of faith and inspiration behind them are similar.
Therefore, the people of India remain connected by a strong feeling of unity even though their cultures are diverse.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Development – process of growth and change | विकास – वाढ आणि बदलाची प्रक्रिया | विकास – बढ़ने और बदलने की प्रक्रिया |
| Emerged – developed or came into existence | उदयास आले – विकसित झाले किंवा निर्माण झाले | उत्पन्न हुआ – विकसित या अस्तित्व में आया |
| Interplay – different elements influencing one another | परस्पर प्रभाव – विविध घटकांचा एकमेकांवर होणारा परिणाम | परस्पर प्रभाव – विभिन्न तत्त्वों का एक-दूसरे पर प्रभाव |
| Elements – important parts | घटक – महत्त्वाचे भाग | तत्त्व – महत्त्वपूर्ण भाग |
| Attire – clothes or style of dress | वेशभूषा – कपडे घालण्याची पद्धत | वेशभूषा – कपड़े पहनने का तरीका |
| Cultural diversity – presence of different cultures | सांस्कृतिक विविधता – विविध संस्कृतींचे अस्तित्व | सांस्कृतिक विविधता – विभिन्न संस्कृतियों का होना |
| Celebrations – joyful observances of special occasions | उत्सव – विशेष प्रसंग आनंदाने साजरे करणे | उत्सव – विशेष अवसरों को खुशी से मनाना |
| Distinct – clearly different | वेगळे – स्पष्टपणे भिन्न | विशिष्ट – स्पष्ट रूप से अलग |
| Underlying – existing beneath what is visible | मूलभूत – दिसणाऱ्या गोष्टीमागे असलेले | अंतर्निहित – दिखाई देने वाली बात के पीछे मौजूद |
| Inspiration – feeling that encourages a person | प्रेरणा – एखादी गोष्ट करण्यास प्रोत्साहन देणारी भावना | प्रेरणा – कोई कार्य करने के लिए उत्साहित करने वाली भावना |
| Faith – strong belief | श्रद्धा – दृढ विश्वास | आस्था – मजबूत विश्वास |
| Thread of unity – a common bond connecting everyone | एकतेचा धागा – सर्वांना जोडणारे समान नाते | एकता का सूत्र – सभी को जोड़ने वाला समान संबंध |
💡 Useful Information
Cultural diversity can be seen in language, clothing, food, music, festivals, traditions, customs, art and sports.
🎯 Clear Concept
India has many different cultural forms, but common feelings of faith and inspiration connect the country in unity.🔎 Find Out.
❓ Textbook Question
🌟 Simple Explanation of the Question
Makar Sankranti is celebrated in Maharashtra during January. Find the different names used for related seasonal and harvest celebrations in other regions of India.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Festival – a special occasion of celebration | सण – आनंदाने साजरा केला जाणारा विशेष प्रसंग | त्योहार – खुशी से मनाया जाने वाला विशेष अवसर |
| Solar transition – movement of the Sun from one zodiac position to another | सौर संक्रमण – सूर्याचे एका राशीतून दुसऱ्या राशीत जाणे | सौर संक्रमण – सूर्य का एक राशि से दूसरी राशि में जाना |
| Region – a particular geographical area | प्रदेश – विशिष्ट भौगोलिक भाग | क्षेत्र – विशेष भौगोलिक भाग |
| Similarly – in the same way | त्याचप्रमाणे – त्याच पद्धतीने | इसी प्रकार – उसी तरीके से |
✅ Suggested Answer
| State or Region | Name of the Festival |
|---|---|
| Maharashtra | Makar Sankranti |
| Tamil Nadu | Pongal or Thai Pongal |
| Gujarat | Uttarayan |
| Assam | Magh Bihu or Bhogali Bihu |
| Punjab | Maghi; Lohri is celebrated on the previous evening |
| West Bengal | Poush Sankranti |
| Karnataka | Makara Sankranti |
| Andhra Pradesh and Telangana | Sankranti |
1.4.1 Food Diversity
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
Different regions have different geographical conditions. Therefore, the crops grown in each region may also be different.
People normally prepare their daily food using crops and ingredients available in their region. This causes food habits to differ from one region to another.
For example, Pithla-Bhakari is a popular and enjoyed dish in Maharashtra. It may not be commonly found in some other regions.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Food diversity – variety in foods and eating habits | खाद्य विविधता – अन्न आणि खाण्याच्या सवयींमधील विविधता | खाद्य विविधता – भोजन और खान-पान में अलग-अलग प्रकार |
| Agricultural produce – crops and products obtained from farming | शेतमाल – शेतीतून मिळणारी पिके आणि उत्पादने | कृषि उपज – खेती से मिलने वाली फसलें और उत्पाद |
| Varies – changes or differs | बदलते – वेगवेगळे असते | बदलता है – अलग-अलग होता है |
| Geographical conditions – natural conditions of a region | भौगोलिक परिस्थिती – प्रदेशातील नैसर्गिक स्थिती | भौगोलिक परिस्थितियाँ – क्षेत्र की प्राकृतिक स्थितियाँ |
| Consequently – as a result | परिणामी – त्याचा परिणाम म्हणून | परिणामस्वरूप – उसके परिणाम के रूप में |
| Daily diet – food normally eaten every day | दैनंदिन आहार – दररोज खाल्ले जाणारे अन्न | दैनिक आहार – प्रतिदिन खाया जाने वाला भोजन |
| Region – a particular area | प्रदेश – विशिष्ट क्षेत्र | क्षेत्र – विशेष इलाका |
| Relished – enjoyed while eating | आवडीने खाल्ले जाणारे – आनंदाने खाल्ले जाणारे | पसंद से खाया जाने वाला – आनंद लेकर खाया जाने वाला |
| Rarely – not often | क्वचित – फार कमी वेळा | बहुत कम – कभी-कभी ही |
💡 Useful Information
Climate, rainfall, soil, water and locally grown crops influence the food habits of a region.
🎯 Clear Concept
Different geographical conditions produce different crops, leading to different regional food habits.🥥 Regional Diversity in Cooking Oils
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
People in different parts of India commonly use different cooking oils.
Coconut oil is commonly used in Southern India. Mustard oil is commonly used in Northern India. Groundnut oil is commonly used in Western India.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Oils – liquid fats used for cooking | तेल – स्वयंपाकासाठी वापरले जाणारे द्रवरूप स्निग्ध पदार्थ | तेल – भोजन बनाने में उपयोग होने वाले तरल वसायुक्त पदार्थ |
| Coconut oil – oil obtained from coconut | नारळाचे तेल – नारळापासून मिळणारे तेल | नारियल तेल – नारियल से प्राप्त तेल |
| Mustard oil – oil obtained from mustard seeds | मोहरीचे तेल – मोहरीच्या बियांपासून मिळणारे तेल | सरसों का तेल – सरसों के बीजों से मिलने वाला तेल |
| Groundnut oil – oil obtained from groundnuts | शेंगदाण्याचे तेल – शेंगदाण्यांपासून मिळणारे तेल | मूँगफली का तेल – मूँगफली से प्राप्त तेल |
💡 Useful Information
The cooking oil commonly used in a region is often connected with crops that grow well there.
🎯 Clear Concept
Regional crop availability influences the type of cooking oil commonly used by people.🌾 Staple Foods
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
A staple food is a food that people in a region eat regularly as a main part of their diet.
Rice is a staple food in Southern India, coastal regions and areas having many freshwater bodies.
Wheat, jowar, bajra and maize form the staple diet in Northern and Central India.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Staple food – main food eaten regularly | मुख्य अन्न – नियमितपणे खाल्ले जाणारे प्रमुख अन्न | मुख्य भोजन – नियमित रूप से खाया जाने वाला प्रमुख भोजन |
| Coastal regions – areas near the sea | किनारी प्रदेश – समुद्राजवळील भाग | तटीय क्षेत्र – समुद्र के पास के इलाके |
| Significant number – a large or important number | लक्षणीय संख्या – मोठी किंवा महत्त्वाची संख्या | उल्लेखनीय संख्या – बड़ी या महत्त्वपूर्ण संख्या |
| Freshwater bodies – rivers, lakes or ponds containing fresh water | गोड्या पाण्याचे साठे – गोडे पाणी असलेल्या नद्या, तलाव किंवा सरोवरे | मीठे पानी के स्रोत – मीठे पानी वाली नदियाँ, झीलें या तालाब |
| Wheat – a cereal grain used as food | गहू – अन्नासाठी वापरले जाणारे धान्य | गेहूँ – भोजन में उपयोग होने वाला अनाज |
| Jowar or sorghum – a type of cereal grain | ज्वारी – धान्याचा एक प्रकार | ज्वार – अनाज का एक प्रकार |
| Bajra or pearl millet – a type of millet | बाजरी – भरड धान्याचा एक प्रकार | बाजरा – मोटे अनाज का एक प्रकार |
| Maize – corn | मका – मक्याचे धान्य | मक्का – मकई का अनाज |
| Constitute – form or make up | तयार करणे – मिळून बनवणे | निर्माण करना – मिलकर बनाना |
| Staple diet – main foods eaten regularly | मुख्य आहार – नियमित खाल्ले जाणारे प्रमुख अन्न | मुख्य आहार – नियमित खाया जाने वाला प्रमुख भोजन |
💡 Useful Information
A staple food forms a major part of the regular diet of people in a particular region.
🎯 Clear Concept
Rice is common in southern and coastal regions, while wheat, jowar, bajra and maize are common in northern and central regions.🤝 Unity in Diversity
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
Dishes such as idli and dosa are connected mainly with Southern India. Samosa and paratha are commonly associated with other regions.
Today, these dishes are enjoyed by people throughout India. Regional foods becoming popular across the country show unity in diversity.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Dishes – prepared food items | पदार्थ – तयार केलेले खाद्यपदार्थ | व्यंजन – तैयार किए गए खाद्य पदार्थ |
| Popular – liked by many people | लोकप्रिय – अनेक लोकांना आवडणारे | लोकप्रिय – बहुत लोगों द्वारा पसंद किया जाने वाला |
| Across – throughout an area | सर्वत्र – संपूर्ण भागात | सभी जगह – पूरे क्षेत्र में |
| Entire country – the whole nation | संपूर्ण देश – पूर्ण राष्ट्र | पूरा देश – संपूर्ण राष्ट्र |
| Exemplifying – showing through an example | उदाहरण दर्शवणे – उदाहरणातून स्पष्ट करणे | उदाहरण प्रस्तुत करना – उदाहरण से स्पष्ट करना |
| Unity in Diversity – togetherness despite differences | विविधतेत एकता – वेगळेपणा असूनही एकत्र राहणे | विविधता में एकता – भिन्नताओं के बावजूद साथ रहना |
💡 Useful Information
When people enjoy and accept foods from other regions, regional food becomes part of the wider national culture.
🎯 Clear Concept
Different regional foods are enjoyed throughout India, showing unity within cultural diversity.🔎 Find Out.
❓ Textbook Question
🌟 Simple Explanation of the Question
Find the names of well-known sweet dishes prepared in different states or regions of India. Arrange the state and sweet-dish names in a list or table.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Prepare – make or arrange | तयार करा – बनवा किंवा मांडणी करा | तैयार कीजिए – बनाइए या व्यवस्थित कीजिए |
| Popular – liked or known by many people | लोकप्रिय – अनेक लोकांना आवडणारे किंवा माहिती असलेले | लोकप्रिय – अनेक लोगों द्वारा पसंद या जाना जाने वाला |
| Sweet dishes – food items having a sweet taste | गोड पदार्थ – गोड चव असलेले खाद्यपदार्थ | मिठाइयाँ – मीठे स्वाद वाले खाद्य पदार्थ |
| Various parts – many different regions | विविध भाग – अनेक वेगवेगळे प्रदेश | विभिन्न भाग – अनेक अलग-अलग क्षेत्र |
🔍 Understanding the Food Diversity Image
🖼️ Simple Explanation of the Image
The picture shows the shape of India formed using many different foods and dishes.
It represents the wide variety of food found in different parts of India. Each region has its own ingredients, cooking methods and special dishes.
Although the foods are different, all of them together form India’s rich food culture. The image therefore represents food diversity and unity in diversity.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Food diversity – presence of many different foods | खाद्य विविधता – अनेक वेगवेगळ्या खाद्यपदार्थांचे अस्तित्व | खाद्य विविधता – अनेक अलग-अलग भोजनों का होना |
| Variety – many different kinds | विविधता – अनेक वेगवेगळे प्रकार | विविधता – अनेक अलग-अलग प्रकार |
| Ingredients – items used for preparing food | साहित्य – अन्न तयार करण्यासाठी वापरल्या जाणाऱ्या वस्तू | सामग्री – भोजन बनाने में उपयोग की जाने वाली वस्तुएँ |
| Cooking methods – different ways of preparing food | स्वयंपाकाच्या पद्धती – अन्न तयार करण्याचे विविध मार्ग | पकाने की विधियाँ – भोजन तैयार करने के अलग-अलग तरीके |
| Food culture – food habits and traditions of people | खाद्यसंस्कृती – लोकांच्या अन्नाशी संबंधित सवयी आणि परंपरा | खाद्य संस्कृति – लोगों के भोजन से जुड़ी आदतें और परंपराएँ |
💡 Useful Information
India’s food diversity is connected with its different crops, climates, geographical regions, customs and traditions.
🎯 Clear Concept
Many different regional dishes together form India’s rich and diverse food culture.🍬 Suggested Answer — Popular Sweet Dishes
✅ Popular Sweet Dishes from Different Parts of India
| State or Region | Popular Sweet Dish |
|---|---|
| Maharashtra | Puran Poli |
| West Bengal | Rasgulla and Sandesh |
| Gujarat | Mohanthal |
| Rajasthan | Ghevar |
| Tamil Nadu | Sakkarai Pongal or Sweet Pongal |
| Karnataka | Mysore Pak |
| Kerala | Payasam |
| Uttar Pradesh | Petha |
| Bihar | Thekua |
| Odisha | Chhena Poda |
| Punjab | Pinni |
| Assam | Til Pitha |
Note: Different areas within the same state may have additional popular sweet dishes.
📗 Key Definition: Linguistic Diversity
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
Linguistic diversity means the presence of different languages, dialects and writing scripts within one country, state or society.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Linguistic diversity – presence of different languages | भाषिक विविधता – विविध भाषांचे अस्तित्व | भाषाई विविधता – विभिन्न भाषाओं का होना |
| Existence – state of being present | अस्तित्व – उपस्थित असण्याची अवस्था | अस्तित्व – मौजूद होने की अवस्था |
| Languages – systems used for communication | भाषा – संवादासाठी वापरल्या जाणाऱ्या व्यवस्था | भाषाएँ – बातचीत के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली व्यवस्थाएँ |
| Dialects – regional forms of a language | बोलीभाषा – भाषेची प्रादेशिक रूपे | बोलियाँ – किसी भाषा के क्षेत्रीय रूप |
| Scripts – systems of written letters or symbols | लिपी – लेखनासाठी वापरली जाणारी अक्षरे किंवा चिन्हे | लिपियाँ – लिखने के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले अक्षर या चिह्न |
💡 Useful Information
A language is spoken, while a script is the system used to write it. A dialect is a regional form of a language.
🎯 Clear Concept
Different languages, dialects and scripts within one society create linguistic diversity.🌈 Key Definition: Cultural Diversity
📖 Textbook Paragraph
🌟 Simple Explanation
Cultural diversity means the presence of different languages, religions, traditions, customs, festivals, celebrations and ways of life within society.
📚 Meanings
| Meanings | मराठी अर्थ | हिंदी अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| Cultural diversity – presence of different cultures | सांस्कृतिक विविधता – विविध संस्कृतींचे अस्तित्व | सांस्कृतिक विविधता – विभिन्न संस्कृतियों का होना |
| Defined – explained clearly | परिभाषित – स्पष्टपणे सांगितलेले | परिभाषित – स्पष्ट रूप से बताया गया |
| Diverse – of many different kinds | विविध – अनेक वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारचे | विविध – कई अलग-अलग प्रकार के |
| Traditions – practices passed through generations | परंपरा – पिढ्यान्पिढ्या चालत आलेल्या पद्धती | परंपराएँ – पीढ़ियों से चली आ रही प्रथाएँ |
| Customs – accepted social practices | रूढी – समाजाने स्वीकारलेल्या पद्धती | रीति-रिवाज – समाज द्वारा स्वीकार की गई प्रथाएँ |
| Celebrations – joyful observances of special occasions | उत्सव – विशेष प्रसंग आनंदाने साजरे करणे | उत्सव – विशेष अवसरों को खुशी से मनाना |
| Lifestyles – ways in which people live | जीवनशैली – लोकांच्या जगण्याच्या पद्धती | जीवनशैली – लोगों के जीवन जीने के तरीके |
💡 Useful Information
Cultural diversity can be observed through people’s languages, beliefs, festivals, foods, clothing, customs and lifestyles.